Albert O. Hirschman: Exit, Voice and Loyalty: Responses to Decline in Firms, Organizations and States

Exit, Voice and Loyalty: Responses to Decline in Firms, Organizations and States


Description

An innovator in contemporary thought on economic and political development looks here at decline rather than growth. Albert O. Hirschman makes a basic distinction between alternative ways of reacting to deterioration in business firms and, in general, to dissatisfaction with organizations: one, "exit," is for the member to quit the organization or for the customer to switch to the competing product, and the other, "voice," is for members or customers to agitate and exert influence for change "from within." The efficiency of the competitive mechanism, with its total reliance on exit, is questioned for certain important situations. As exit often undercuts voice while being unable to counteract decline, loyalty is seen in the function of retarding exit and of permitting voice to play its proper role. The interplay of the three concepts turns out to illuminate a wide range of economic, social, and political phenomena. As the author states in the preface, "having found my own unifying way of looking at issues as diverse as competition and the two-party system, divorce and the American character, black power and the failure of 'unhappy' top officials to resign over Vietnam, I decided to let myself go a little."

First friends, then enemies ...Lady Aurelia hasn't always hated Max, Viscount Camden, her brother's Exit, Voice and Loyalty: Responses to Decline in Firms, Organizations and States free download pdf best friend. In fact, as a besotted girl, she thrived under his kind attention- sure that he was the most noble and handsome man in the land. Until her young heart discovered what manner of rogue he really was. Now, though she enjoys nothing more than getting on his last nerve, she can't deny Max drives her to distraction- even if she tries to pretend otherwise. Now something more ...Max cannot recall a time when Aurelia did not vex him. If she was not his friend's sister, he would stay far away from the infuriating vixen. Unfortunately, they are always thrown together. At parties and family gatherings ...she is always there. Mocking him, tossing punch in his face, driving him mad ...until one night, she goes too far and he retaliates in the only way he can: with a kiss that changes everything.


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Author: Albert O. Hirschman
Number of Pages: 176 pages
Published Date: 01 Jul 1990
Publisher: HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS
Publication Country: Cambridge, Mass, United States
Language: English
ISBN: 9780674276604
Download Link: Click Here
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